Yadda ake yin kwalban gilashi

Gilashin yana da kyakkyawan watsawa da aikin watsa haske, babban kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, kuma yana iya samun ƙarfin injin ƙarfi da tasirin zafi mai zafi bisa ga hanyoyin sarrafawa daban-daban.Hakanan yana iya canza launin gilashin da kansa kuma ya keɓe haske mai yawa, don haka galibi ana amfani dashi a kowane fanni na rayuwa don saduwa da buƙatu daban-daban.

Tabbas, akwai dalilai na zabar gilashin don yin kwalabe don abubuwan sha, wanda kuma shine amfani da kwalabe na gilashin.Mahimman kayan albarkatun gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin sune nau'i na halitta, quartzite, soda caustic, limestone, da dai sauransu. juriya na lalata, kuma ba zai canza kaddarorin abu ba lokacin da ake tuntuɓar yawancin sinadarai.Tsarin masana'anta yana da sauƙi, ƙirar ƙirar kyauta ne kuma mai canzawa, taurin yana da girma, juriya mai zafi, mai tsabta, mai sauƙin tsaftacewa, kuma ana iya amfani dashi akai-akai.A matsayin kayan tattarawa, kwalabe na gilashi galibi ana amfani da su don abinci, mai, barasa, abubuwan sha, kayan abinci, kayan kwalliya da samfuran sinadarai na ruwa da sauransu.

An yi kwalaben gilashin da fiye da nau'ikan kayan masarufi guda goma, irin su ma'adini foda, farar ƙasa, soda ash, dolomite, feldspar, boric acid, barium sulfate, mirabilite, zinc oxide, potassium carbonate da gilashin fashe.Ganga ne da aka yi ta hanyar narkewa da siffa a 1600 ℃.Zai iya samar da kwalabe na gilashin nau'i daban-daban bisa ga nau'i daban-daban.Domin an kafa shi a babban zafin jiki, ba shi da guba kuma maras dadi.Ita ce babban kwandon kayan abinci, magunguna da masana'antun sinadarai.Bayan haka, za a gabatar da takamaiman amfani da kowane abu.

Ma'adini foda: Yana da wuya, mai jurewa da kuma ma'adinai mai ƙarfi.Babban bangaren ma'adinai shi ne ma'adini, kuma babban bangaren sinadaransa shine SiO2.Launin yashi ma'adini fari ne mai madara, ko mara launi kuma mai shudewa.Taurinsa 7. Yana da karye kuma ba shi da tsinke.Yana da harsashi kamar karaya.Yana da luster maiko.Yawansa shine 2.65.Girman girmansa (20-200 raga shine 1.5).Its sinadaran, thermal da inji Properties suna da bayyananne anisotropy, kuma shi ne insoluble a cikin acid, Yana da mai narkewa a cikin NaOH da KOH ruwa bayani a sama 160 ℃, tare da narkewa batu na 1650 ℃.Yashin ma'adini shine samfurin wanda girman hatsin yake gabaɗaya akan ramin raga 120 bayan an sarrafa dutsen quartz da aka haƙa daga ma'adinan.Samfurin da ke wucewa 120 raga sieve ana kiransa foda quartz.Babban aikace-aikace: kayan tacewa, babban gilashin, samfuran gilashin, abubuwan jan hankali, duwatsu masu narkewa, daidaitaccen simintin ƙarfe, fashewar yashi, kayan niƙa dabaran.

Limestone: Calcium carbonate shine babban sinadarin farar ƙasa, kuma dutsen farar ƙasa shine babban kayan da ake samarwa da gilashi.Ana amfani da lemun tsami da farar ƙasa a ko'ina azaman kayan gini kuma suna da mahimmancin albarkatun ƙasa ga masana'antu da yawa.Calcium carbonate ana iya sarrafa shi kai tsaye zuwa dutse kuma a ƙone shi cikin sauri.

Soda ash: daya daga cikin muhimman sinadaran albarkatun kasa, ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin haske masana'antu, yau da kullum sinadaran masana'antu, gini kayan, sinadaran masana'antu, abinci masana'antu, karafa, yadi, man fetur, kasa tsaron gida, magani da sauran filayen, kazalika a cikin filayen daukar hoto da nazari.A fagen kayan gini, masana'antar gilashi ita ce mafi yawan masu amfani da ash soda, tare da ton 0.2 na soda ash da ake cinye kowace tan na gilashi.

Boric acid: farin foda crystal ko triclinic axial sikelin crystal, tare da santsi ji kuma babu wari.Mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, barasa, glycerin, ether da ainihin mai, maganin ruwa yana da rauni acidic.An yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin gilashin (gilashin gani, gilashin resistant acid, gilashin zafi mai jurewa, da fiber na gilashi don kayan haɓakawa) masana'antu, wanda zai iya haɓaka juriya na zafi da fayyace samfuran gilashi, haɓaka ƙarfin injin, da rage lokacin narkewa. .Gishirin Glauber ya ƙunshi sodium sulfate Na2SO4, wanda shine ɗanyen abu don gabatar da Na2O.Ana amfani da shi musamman don kawar da datti na SiO2 kuma yana aiki azaman mai bayyanawa.

Wasu masana'antun kuma suna ƙara cullet zuwa wannan cakuda. Wasu masana'antun kuma za su sake yin amfani da gilashin a cikin tsarin samarwa. Ko datti ne a cikin tsarin masana'antu ko sharar gida a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su, 1300 fam na yashi, 410 fam na soda ash da 380 Za a iya ajiye fam ɗin farar ƙasa don kowane tan na gilashin da aka sake yin fa'ida.Wannan zai adana farashin masana'antu, adana farashi da makamashi, don abokan ciniki su sami farashin tattalin arziki akan samfuranmu.

Bayan an shirya kayan albarkatun kasa, aikin samarwa zai fara. Mataki na farko shine narke albarkatun kwalban gilashi a cikin tanderun, Raw kayan da cullet suna ci gaba da narke a babban zafin jiki.A kusan 1650 ° C, tanderun yana aiki awanni 24 a rana, kuma cakuda albarkatun ƙasa yana samar da gilashin narkakken kusan awanni 24 a rana.Gilashin narkakkar da ke wucewa ta hanyar. Sa'an nan kuma, a ƙarshen tashar kayan aiki, an yanke gilashin gilashi a cikin tubalan bisa ga nauyi, kuma an saita zafin jiki daidai.

Har ila yau, akwai wasu tsare-tsare lokacin amfani da tanderu.A kayan aiki don auna kauri daga cikin albarkatun kasa Layer na narkakken tafkin dole ne a insulated.Idan akwai wani abu yayyo, yanke wutar lantarki da wuri-wuri.Kafin narkakkar gilashin gudana. daga tashar ciyarwa, na'urar da ke ƙasa tana ba da kariya ga narkakkar gilashin zuwa ƙasa don sanya narkakkar gilashin ba ya caji.Hanyar gama gari ita ce saka molybdenum electrode a cikin narkakkar gilashin da ƙasa molybdenum lantarki don kare wutar lantarki a cikin narkakkar gilashin ƙofar.Yi la'akari da cewa tsawon na'urar lantarki na molybdenum da aka saka a cikin gilashin da aka narkar da shi ya fi 1/2 na nisa mai gudu. Idan akwai rashin wutar lantarki da watsa wutar lantarki, dole ne a sanar da mai aiki a gaban tanderun a gaba don duba kayan aikin lantarki. (kamar tsarin lantarki) da yanayin kewaye na kayan aiki sau ɗaya.Ana iya aiwatar da watsa wutar lantarki kawai bayan babu matsala.Idan akwai gaggawa ko haɗari wanda zai iya yin barazana ga lafiyar mutum ko amincin kayan aiki a yankin narke, mai aiki zai hanzarta danna "maɓallin tsayawar gaggawa" don yanke wutar lantarki. samar da dukkan wutar lantarki.Kayan aiki don auna kauri na albarkatun kasa a mashigar abinci dole ne a samar da matakan kariya na thermal.A farkon aikin wutar lantarki na gilashin gilashi, ma'aikacin wutar lantarki zai duba wutar lantarki. tsarin ruwa mai laushi sau ɗaya a cikin sa'a kuma nan da nan ya magance ruwan da aka yanke daga na'urorin lantarki guda ɗaya. Idan akwai hadarin kayan da aka zubar a cikin wutar lantarki na gilashin gilashi, za a yanke wutar lantarki nan da nan, kuma za a fesa ruwan yabo da yawa. - matsa lamba ruwa bututu nan da nan don ƙarfafa gilashin ruwa.A lokaci guda, za a sanar da jagoran da ke aiki nan da nan. Idan gazawar wutar lantarki na gilashin gilashin ya wuce minti 5, dole ne a yi aiki da narkakken tafkin bisa ga ka'idodin rashin wutar lantarki. Lokacin da tsarin sanyaya ruwa da tsarin sanyaya iska ya ba da ƙararrawa. , dole ne a aika wani don bincika ƙararrawar nan da nan kuma a magance shi a kan kari.

Mataki na biyu shine siffanta kwalban gilashin.Tsarin samar da kwalabe na gilashi da kwalba yana nufin jerin ayyukan haɗin gwiwar aiki (ciki har da injiniyoyi, lantarki, da dai sauransu) waɗanda aka maimaita a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka ba, tare da manufar kera kwalban. da kwalba mai takamaiman siffa kamar yadda ake tsammani.A halin yanzu, akwai manyan matakai guda biyu a cikin samar da kwalabe na gilashi da kwalba: hanyar busa don kunkuntar bakin kwalba da kuma hanyar busa matsa lamba don manyan kwalabe da kwalba. shear ruwa a zafin jiki na abu (1050-1200 ℃) don samar da ɗigon gilashin silinda, ana kiransa "digon kayan abu".Nauyin digon kayan ya isa ya samar da kwalban.Dukansu matakai suna farawa daga raguwar ruwan gilashin, kayan abu ya sauke a ƙarƙashin aikin nauyi, kuma shigar da ƙirar farko ta hanyar kayan aiki da kuma jujjuya.Sa'an nan kuma an rufe nau'i na farko da kuma rufe shi da "bulkhead" a saman. A cikin tsarin busawa, gilashin da aka fara turawa ta hanyar iska ta matsawa ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen kai, don haka gilashin a mutu ya kafa;Sa'an nan kuma ainihin yana motsawa ƙasa kaɗan, kuma iska mai matsa lamba yana wucewa ta rata a matsayi mai mahimmanci yana faɗaɗa gilashin da aka cire daga ƙasa zuwa sama don cika ƙirar farko.Ta irin wannan busa gilashin, gilashin zai samar da sifar da aka riga aka kera, kuma a cikin tsari na gaba, za a sake busa shi ta hanyar matsa lamba a mataki na biyu don samun siffar karshe.

Ana aiwatar da samar da kwalabe na gilashi da kwalba a cikin manyan matakai guda biyu: a cikin mataki na farko, an kafa dukkanin cikakkun bayanai game da ƙwayar bakin, kuma bakin da ya ƙare ya haɗa da budewa na ciki, amma babban siffar jikin gilashin samfurin zai kasance. ya fi ƙanƙanta da girmansa na ƙarshe.Wannan samfurin gilashin da aka kafa shi ake kira parison.A cikin lokaci na gaba, za a busa su a cikin siffar kwalban na ƙarshe. Daga kusurwar aikin injiniya, mutu da ainihin suna samar da sararin samaniya a ƙasa.Bayan mutuwar ta cika da gilashi (bayan fashewa), an ɗan janye ainihin ainihin don tausasa gilashin a cikin hulɗa da ainihin.Sa'an nan kuma matse iska (reverse busa) daga kasa zuwa sama ya wuce ta cikin ratar karkashin core don samar da parison.Sa'an nan babban girma ya tashi, an buɗe mold na farko, da kuma juya hannun, tare da mutu da parison, an juya zuwa gefen gyare-gyaren. Lokacin da juya hannun ya kai saman mold, da mold a bangarorin biyu za a rufe kuma za a rufe. clamped don nannade parison.Mutuwar za ta buɗe kaɗan don sakin parison;Sa'an nan kuma juyi hannu zai koma zuwa farkon mold gefen kuma jira na gaba zagaye na mataki.Busa kai ya sauke zuwa saman mold, matsawa iska yana zuba a cikin parison daga tsakiya, da kuma extruded gilashin fadada zuwa mold don samar da karshe siffar da kwalban. kafa ta matsa lamba iska, amma ta extruding gilashin a cikin keɓaɓɓen sarari na firamare mold rami tare da dogon cibiya.Juyawa na gaba da kafawar ƙarshe sun yi daidai da hanyar busa.Bayan haka, za a dunƙule kwalbar daga cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) sannan a sanya shi a kan farantin tsayawar kwalban tare da iska mai sanyaya ƙasa zuwa sama, a jira a cire kwalban kuma a kai shi zuwa aikin annealing.

Mataki na ƙarshe shine annealing a cikin tsarin samar da kwalban gilashin. Ko da kuwa yadda ake aiwatar da shi, yawancin kwantena gilashin da aka busa yawanci ana rufe su bayan gyare-gyare.

Idan har yanzu suna da zafi sosai, don a sanya kwalabe da gwangwani su zama masu juriya da zazzagewa, ana kiran wannan magani mai zafi mai zafi, sa'an nan kuma a kai kwalabe na gilashi a cikin murhu, inda zafinsu ya dawo kusan 815 ° C. yana raguwa a hankali zuwa ƙasa da 480 ° C. Wannan zai ɗauki kimanin sa'o'i 2.Wannan sakewa da jinkirin sanyaya yana kawar da matsa lamba a cikin akwati.Zai haɓaka ƙarfin kwantena gilashin da aka kafa ta halitta.In ba haka ba, gilashin yana da sauƙin fashe.

Har ila yau, akwai al'amura da yawa da ke buƙatar kulawa a lokacin annealing.Bambancin zafin jiki na tanderun da ke rufewa gabaɗaya bai dace ba.Zazzabi na sashin murhun murɗa don samfuran gilashi gabaɗaya yana ƙasa kusa da ɓangarorin biyu kuma mafi girma a tsakiya, wanda ke sa yanayin zafin samfuran ya zama mara daidaituwa, musamman a cikin tanderun da ke murƙushe ɗakin.Don wannan dalili, lokacin zayyana lanƙwasa, masana'antar kwalban gilashin yakamata ta ɗauki ƙimar ƙasa da ainihin abin da zai yiwu don rage jinkirin sanyaya, kuma gabaɗaya ɗaukar rabin ƙarfin da aka yarda don ƙididdigewa.Ƙimar damuwa da aka yarda da samfurori na yau da kullum na iya zama 5 zuwa 10 nm / cm.Hakanan ya kamata a yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke shafar bambance-bambancen zafin jiki na murhuwar murhu yayin tantance saurin dumama da saurin sanyaya.A cikin ainihin tsari na annealing, ya kamata a bincika rarraba zafin jiki a cikin tanderun da ke rufewa akai-akai.Idan an sami babban bambancin zafin jiki, ya kamata a daidaita shi cikin lokaci.Bugu da ƙari, don samfuran gilashin, ana samar da samfurori iri-iri a lokaci guda.A lokacin da ake ajiye kayayyaki a cikin tanderun da ke murƙushewa, ana sanya wasu samfuran bango masu kauri a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin tanderun da ke murƙushewa, yayin da samfuran bango na bakin ciki za a iya sanya su a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi, wanda ke haifar da lalata samfuran bango mai kauri. Samfuran ciki da waje na samfuran bango mai kauri sun tabbata.A cikin kewayon dawowa, mafi girman yawan zafin jiki na samfuran bango mai kauri, da saurin shakatawa na damuwa na thermoelastic lokacin sanyaya, kuma mafi girman damuwa na dindindin na samfuran.Damuwar samfurori tare da siffofi masu rikitarwa yana da sauƙi don mayar da hankali [kamar kauri mai kauri, kusurwar dama da samfurori tare da hannayen hannu], don haka kamar samfuran bango mai kauri, yawan zafin jiki ya kamata ya zama ƙasa kaɗan, kuma saurin dumama da sanyaya ya kamata ya kasance a hankali.Annealing matsalar gilashin nau'ikan gilashin daban-daban Idan samfuran kwalban gilashin tare da nau'ikan sinadarai daban-daban an goge su a cikin tanderun da ke rufewa iri ɗaya, gilashin tare da ƙarancin zafin jiki ya kamata a zaɓi shi azaman zafin adana zafi, kuma hanyar tsawaita lokacin adana zafi ya kamata a karɓi. , domin samfuran da ke da yanayin zafi daban-daban za a iya shafe su gwargwadon yiwuwa.Don samfuran da ke da nau'in sinadarai iri ɗaya, nau'ikan kauri da siffofi daban-daban, lokacin da aka lalata su a cikin tanderun da ke murƙushewa, za a ƙayyade zafin zafin jiki bisa ga samfuran tare da ƙaramin kauri na bango don guje wa nakasar samfuran bakin ciki-banga yayin annealing, amma dumama da Za a ƙayyade saurin sanyaya bisa ga samfuran da ke da kauri mai girma na bango don tabbatar da cewa samfuran bango mai kauri ba za su fashe ba saboda tsananin zafin zafi.Rikicin gilashin borosilicate Don samfuran gilashin Pengsilicate, gilashin yana da saurin rabuwar lokaci a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na annealing.Bayan rabuwa na lokaci, tsarin gilashin yana canzawa kuma aikinsa yana canzawa, kamar kayan zafin jiki na sinadarai yana raguwa.Don guje wa wannan al'amari, ya kamata a kula da yanayin zafin da ke tattare da gilashin borosilicate.Musamman ga gilashin da ke da babban abun ciki na boron, zafin zafin jiki bai kamata ya yi yawa ba kuma lokacin cirewa bai kamata ya yi tsayi da yawa ba.A lokaci guda kuma, ya kamata a kauce wa maimaitawa annealing gwargwadon yiwuwa.Matsayin rabuwa na lokaci na maimaita annealing ya fi tsanani.

Akwai wani mataki don samar da kwalabe na gilashi.Ya kamata a duba ingancin kwalabe na gilashi bisa ga matakai masu zuwa. Abubuwan da ake bukata: kwalabe gilashi da kwalba za su sami wasu ayyuka kuma su hadu da wasu ka'idoji masu kyau.

Gilashin ingancin: mai tsabta kuma har ma, ba tare da yashi ba, ratsi, kumfa da sauran lahani.Gilashin mara launi yana da babban bayyananne;Launin gilashin launuka iri ɗaya ne kuma barga, kuma yana iya ɗaukar makamashin haske na wani tsayin tsayi.

Kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai: Yana da ƙayyadaddun daidaiton sinadarai kuma baya amsawa da abinda ke ciki.Yana da ƙayyadaddun juriya na girgizar ƙasa da ƙarfin injina, yana iya jure yanayin dumama da sanyaya kamar wankewa da haifuwa, kuma yana iya jure cikawa, ajiya da sufuri, kuma yana iya kasancewa cikakke idan akwai damuwa na ciki da waje na gabaɗaya, girgizawa da tasiri.

Ingancin gyare-gyare: kula da wasu iya aiki, nauyi da siffa, har ma da kauri na bango, bakin santsi da lebur don tabbatar da dacewa mai dacewa da hatimi mai kyau.Babu lahani kamar murdiya, rashin daidaituwa, rashin daidaituwa da fasa.

Idan kun cika abubuwan da ke sama, taya murna.Kun yi nasarar samar da ƙwararriyar kwalbar gilashi.Saka shi a cikin tallace-tallacenku.